Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 692.9      ICD10: L25.9      ICD11: EA8Z

Dermatitis is a general term for a common skin irritation.
It's often used interchangeably with "eczema," although eczema is actually a specific type of dermatitis.

Here's a breakdown of what you need to know about dermatitis:

Key Characteristics:

Inflammation: Dermatitis always involves inflammation of the skin.
Itchiness: Itchiness is a hallmark symptom. It can range from mild to severe and debilitating.
Dryness: Affected skin often becomes dry, scaly, and cracked.
Redness: Redness or discoloration is common.

Symptoms (Can vary depending on the type and severity):

Rash: A visible rash, often with bumps, blisters, or patches.
Dry, cracked skin: Especially common in areas like hands, elbows, and knees.
Itching: Can be intense and constant.
Redness or discoloration: The affected skin may appear red, pink, purple, brown, or ashen depending on skin tone.
Oozing or crusting: Blisters can break and leak fluid, forming crusts.
Thickened, leathery skin: From chronic scratching.
Swelling: Especially in acute flare-ups.

Causes and Triggers:

Dermatitis can have various causes, often a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common triggers include:

Irritants: Soaps, detergents, fragrances, chemicals, wool, certain metals (nickel).
Allergens: Pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, medications.
Stress: Can exacerbate symptoms.
Climate: Extreme temperatures, humidity, or dryness.
Infections: Bacterial or fungal infections can trigger or worsen dermatitis.
Genetics: A family history of eczema, allergies, or asthma increases the risk.

Types of Dermatitis:

There are several types of dermatitis, each with its own specific characteristics and triggers. Some of the most common types include:

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema): The most common type, often starting in childhood. It's characterized by itchy, red, inflamed skin, often in the creases of elbows and knees. It is closely linked to allergic conditions like asthma and hay fever.
Contact Dermatitis: Caused by direct contact with an irritant or allergen.
Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Results from repeated exposure to irritating substances (e.g., harsh soaps, chemicals).
Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An allergic reaction to a specific substance (e.g., poison ivy, nickel).
Seborrheic Dermatitis: Affects areas with many oil glands, such as the scalp, face, and chest. It can cause scaly, flaky, itchy skin (dandruff is a mild form).
Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Small, intensely itchy blisters on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and sides of the fingers.
Nummular Dermatitis (Discoid Eczema): Coin-shaped patches of itchy, inflamed skin.
Stasis Dermatitis: Occurs on the lower legs due to poor circulation and venous insufficiency.

Diagnosis:

A doctor can usually diagnose dermatitis based on a physical examination and your medical history. In some cases, allergy testing (patch testing) may be needed to identify specific allergens. Skin biopsies are rarely required but may be used to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:

The goals of treatment are to relieve itching, reduce inflammation, and prevent flare-ups. Treatment options may include:

Emollients (Moisturizers): Essential for keeping the skin hydrated and reducing dryness. Apply frequently, especially after bathing.
Topical Corticosteroids: Anti-inflammatory creams or ointments to reduce redness and itching. Use as directed by your doctor.
Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors (TCIs): (e.g., tacrolimus, pimecrolimus) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications that can be used long-term.
Antihistamines: To relieve itching, especially at night.
Wet Wraps: Applying wet bandages to soothe and hydrate the skin.
Phototherapy (Light Therapy): Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light to reduce inflammation.
Systemic Medications: In severe cases, oral corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or biologics may be prescribed.
Identifying and Avoiding Triggers: This is crucial for long-term management.

Important Considerations:

Don't scratch: Scratching can worsen inflammation and lead to infection.
Keep skin clean: Gently cleanse the affected area with mild, fragrance-free soap.
Avoid harsh chemicals: Wear gloves when handling cleaning products or other irritants.
Manage stress: Stress can trigger flare-ups.
See a doctor: If your symptoms are severe or don't improve with home treatment.

In summary, dermatitis is a broad term for skin inflammation. Correct diagnosis and treatment are important for managing symptoms and improving quality of life. If you think you might have dermatitis, it is always best to consult with a doctor or dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment recommendations.