Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 111.9      ICD10: B36.9      ICD11: EA60

A fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is an infection caused by a fungus.
Fungi are microorganisms that can live in air, soil, water, and plants. Some fungi are beneficial, while others can cause infections.

Here's a more detailed breakdown of fungal infections:

Types of Fungi that Cause Infections:

Dermatophytes: These fungi cause skin, hair, and nail infections like athlete's foot, ringworm, and nail fungus (onychomycosis).
Yeasts: These include Candida (causing thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and invasive candidiasis) and Malassezia (causing pityriasis versicolor).
Molds: Some molds, like Aspergillus, can cause serious lung infections (aspergillosis), especially in people with weakened immune systems.
Dimorphic Fungi: These fungi can exist as molds or yeasts depending on environmental conditions. Examples include Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces, which can cause systemic infections.

Common Types of Fungal Infections:

Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis): Infection of the skin on the feet, especially between the toes.
Ringworm (Tinea Corporis): A circular, itchy rash on the skin.
Nail Fungus (Onychomycosis): Infection of the fingernails or toenails.
Yeast Infections:
Vaginal Yeast Infection: An infection of the vagina caused by Candida.
Oral Thrush: A Candida infection in the mouth, causing white patches.
Pneumonia:
Histoplasmosis: A lung infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
Coccidioidomycosis: Known as valley fever.
Aspergillosis: An infection caused by Aspergillus.
Tinea Versicolor (Pityriasis Versicolor): A fungal infection that causes small, discolored patches on the skin.
Invasive Fungal Infections: Serious infections that occur when fungi enter the bloodstream and affect internal organs. These are more common in people with weakened immune systems.

Causes of Fungal Infections:

Exposure to Fungi: Contact with fungi in the environment (soil, air, plants).
Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer treatment, organ transplantation, and certain medications can increase the risk.
Antibiotics: Antibiotics can kill beneficial bacteria, allowing fungi to overgrow.
Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can promote fungal growth.
Poor Hygiene: Not washing regularly can increase the risk of skin infections.
Moist Environments: Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments.
Tight Clothing: Can create a warm, moist environment that encourages fungal growth.
Broken Skin: A break in the skin provides a portal for fungi to enter.

Symptoms:

Symptoms vary depending on the type and location of the infection. Common symptoms include:

Skin Infections: Itching, redness, rash, scaling, blisters, cracked skin.
Nail Infections: Thickening, discoloration, crumbling of the nail.
Vaginal Yeast Infections: Itching, burning, discharge.
Oral Thrush: White patches in the mouth.
Lung Infections: Cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and lab tests, such as:

Skin Scraping: A sample of skin is examined under a microscope.
Nail Clipping: A sample of nail is examined under a microscope.
Culture: A sample is grown in a lab to identify the specific fungus.
Blood Tests: To detect fungal antigens or antibodies.
Biopsy: A tissue sample is examined under a microscope.
Imaging Tests: Chest X-rays or CT scans may be used to diagnose lung infections.

Treatment:

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the infection. Options include:

Topical Antifungal Medications: Creams, lotions, and ointments for skin and nail infections. Examples include clotrimazole, miconazole, terbinafine, and nystatin.
Oral Antifungal Medications: Pills or liquids for more severe infections or those that don't respond to topical treatments. Examples include fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and voriconazole.
Antifungal Shampoos: Used to treat scalp infections like tinea capitis.
Intravenous Antifungal Medications: For serious, invasive infections.

Prevention:

Practice Good Hygiene: Wash regularly, especially after exercising or being in public places.
Keep Skin Dry: Dry yourself thoroughly after showering or swimming.
Wear Loose-Fitting Clothing: Avoid tight clothing that can trap moisture.
Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Don't share towels, razors, or other personal items.
Wear Shoes in Public Showers and Locker Rooms: To prevent athlete's foot.
Control Blood Sugar: For people with diabetes.
Boost Immune System: Eat a healthy diet, get enough sleep, and manage stress.

When to See a Doctor:

If you suspect you have a fungal infection and it doesn't improve with over-the-counter treatments.
If you have a weakened immune system and develop any signs of a possible infection.
If you have symptoms of a lung infection, such as cough, fever, or shortness of breath.
If you have any concerns about your health.

Important Considerations:

Self-treating can be risky. It's important to get a proper diagnosis from a doctor before starting any treatment. Using the wrong medication can make the infection worse or lead to drug resistance.
Some fungal infections can be serious, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications.
Fungal infections can sometimes be difficult to treat and may require long-term therapy.
Always follow your doctor's instructions carefully and complete the full course of treatment, even if you start to feel better. This helps to ensure that the infection is completely eradicated.
Certain health conditions and medications can increase the risk of fungal infections. Discuss your medical history with your doctor to determine your risk factors.
Prevention is key to avoiding fungal infections. Practicing good hygiene and taking preventive measures can significantly reduce your risk.

This information is intended for general knowledge and informational purposes only, and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.