Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 201.2      ICD10: C81.79      ICD11: 2B30

Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin lymphoma, is a type of cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes.
These cells are part of the immune system, and in Hodgkin's lymphoma, they grow out of control and can spread throughout the body.

Here's a breakdown of key aspects:

What it is:

Cancer of the Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It includes lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid and contain lymphocytes. Hodgkin's lymphoma primarily affects the lymph nodes.
Specific Cancer Cells: A hallmark of Hodgkin's lymphoma is the presence of distinctive cancer cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. These are typically identified under a microscope during a biopsy.

Key Features:

Origin: Starts in lymphocytes, specifically B lymphocytes.
Reed-Sternberg Cells: These abnormal cells are a key characteristic used to diagnose Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Spreadable: Can spread through the lymphatic system to other lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other organs.
Highly Treatable: Hodgkin's lymphoma is generally considered one of the most treatable forms of cancer, with high cure rates, especially when detected early.

Symptoms:

Painless Swollen Lymph Nodes: This is the most common symptom, often in the neck, armpit, or groin. The swelling is usually painless.
Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Losing weight without trying.
Fever: Recurrent or persistent fever.
Night Sweats: Drenching sweats at night.
Itching: Persistent itching all over the body.
Cough or Shortness of Breath: May occur if the lymphoma affects lymph nodes in the chest.
Abdominal Pain or Swelling: May occur if the lymphoma affects lymph nodes in the abdomen.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of Hodgkin's lymphoma is not fully understood.
Risk factors include:
Age: Most common in young adults (20s and 30s) and older adults (over 55).
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection: Previous infection with EBV, the virus that causes mononucleosis (mono), is associated with an increased risk.
Family History: Having a family history of Hodgkin's lymphoma increases the risk.
Weakened Immune System: People with weakened immune systems (e.g., due to HIV infection or immunosuppressant medications) have a higher risk.

Diagnosis:

Physical Exam: Doctor will check for swollen lymph nodes and other signs.
Lymph Node Biopsy: Removing a lymph node or a sample of tissue from a lymph node for examination under a microscope. This is essential to confirm the diagnosis and identify Reed-Sternberg cells.
Blood Tests: To assess overall health and look for signs of infection or other abnormalities.
Imaging Tests: Such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRI scans, to determine the extent of the lymphoma (staging).
Bone Marrow Biopsy: May be performed to see if the lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow.

Staging:

Staging is important to determine the extent of the lymphoma and guide treatment decisions. The stages range from I (limited to one lymph node region) to IV (widespread involvement of multiple organs).

Treatment:

Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells. Often the primary treatment.
Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. May be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
Immunotherapy: Drugs that help your own immune system recognize and attack the cancer cells.
Stem Cell Transplant (Bone Marrow Transplant): May be considered in some cases, especially if the lymphoma recurs after initial treatment.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for Hodgkin's lymphoma is generally very good, especially with early diagnosis and treatment.
Many people with Hodgkin's lymphoma are cured.
However, long-term follow-up is important to monitor for potential late effects of treatment.

Important Considerations:

This information is for general knowledge and should not be considered medical advice.
If you have concerns about Hodgkin's lymphoma or think you may have symptoms, see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Early detection and treatment are crucial for a positive outcome.