Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 315.2      ICD10: F81.89      ICD11: 6A03.Z

A learning disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations.


Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Neurodevelopmental: This means the disability originates in the brain and affects its development.
Affects Basic Psychological Processes: Learning disabilities impact how the brain processes information. This can affect various areas, including:
Auditory processing: Understanding what is heard.
Visual processing: Understanding what is seen.
Language processing: Understanding and using spoken or written language.
Attention and Executive Function: Difficulty with focus, planning, and organization can sometimes be confused with or co-occur with learning disabilities.
Memory: Both short-term and long-term memory can be affected.
Manifests in Imperfect Ability: The effects of a learning disability are seen in difficulties with specific academic skills:
Listening
Thinking
Speaking
Reading: (Dyslexia is a common learning disability related to reading.)
Writing: (Dysgraphia is a learning disability related to writing.)
Spelling
Mathematical Calculations: (Dyscalculia is a learning disability related to math.)

Important points to remember:

Learning disabilities are not related to intelligence: Individuals with learning disabilities have average to above-average intelligence. Their brain simply processes information differently.
Learning disabilities are not the same as learning difficulties: Learning difficulties can arise from factors like poor teaching, lack of motivation, or environmental disadvantages. Learning disabilities are neurological.
Learning disabilities are not a single condition: There are various types of learning disabilities, each affecting different skills.
Learning disabilities are lifelong: While strategies and interventions can help individuals manage their learning disability and achieve success, the underlying neurological difference remains.
Learning disabilities are diagnosed through comprehensive assessments: These assessments typically involve educational, psychological, and sometimes medical evaluations.

Common Types of Learning Disabilities:

Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading.
Dysgraphia: Difficulty with writing.
Dyscalculia: Difficulty with math.
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): Difficulty processing sounds.
Visual Processing Disorder: Difficulty processing visual information.
Nonverbal Learning Disability (NVLD): Difficulty with nonverbal cues, social skills, and spatial reasoning.

Causes:

The exact causes of learning disabilities are not fully understood, but they are thought to be related to:

Genetic factors: Learning disabilities can run in families.
Prenatal and perinatal factors: Problems during pregnancy or childbirth can sometimes contribute.
Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins or other harmful substances may play a role.

Support and Intervention:

Early identification and intervention are crucial for individuals with learning disabilities. Effective interventions include:

Specialized instruction: Tailored teaching methods that address the specific needs of the individual.
Assistive technology: Tools and devices that can help with reading, writing, and other tasks.
Accommodations: Adjustments to the learning environment or assignments.
Therapy: Speech therapy, occupational therapy, or psychological therapy may be helpful.

It's important for individuals with learning disabilities, their families, and educators to work together to develop strategies and supports that will help them succeed.