Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 198.6      ICD10: C79.60      ICD11: 2C73

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries.
The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and are responsible for producing eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

What it is:

Cancer of the ovaries: The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus.
Abnormal cell growth: Ovarian cancer develops when cells in the ovaries begin to grow uncontrollably. These cells can invade and damage other tissues in the body.
Variety of types: Ovarian cancer isn't just one disease. There are different types, each with different characteristics and prognoses.

Types of Ovarian Cancer:

The most common types of ovarian cancer are classified by the cells they arise from:

Epithelial ovarian cancer (most common): This type starts in the cells on the outer surface of the ovary. Subtypes include:
Serous carcinoma (most common epithelial type)
Mucinous carcinoma
Endometrioid carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma
Germ cell tumors: These tumors start in the egg-producing cells inside the ovary. They are more common in younger women.
Stromal tumors: These tumors start in the hormone-producing cells of the ovary.

Symptoms:

Ovarian cancer is often called a "silent killer" because symptoms can be vague and easily mistaken for other conditions. Early-stage ovarian cancer may cause few or no noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

Abdominal bloating or swelling: Persistent bloating that doesn't go away.
Pelvic or abdominal pain: Vague and persistent pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis.
Feeling full quickly when eating: Early satiety, feeling full after eating only a small amount of food.
Frequent urination: A persistent urge to urinate more often than usual.
Changes in bowel habits: Constipation or diarrhea.
Fatigue: Unusual or persistent tiredness.
Pain during sex
Changes in menstruation (less common, but possible)

It's important to note: These symptoms can be caused by many other conditions besides ovarian cancer. However, if you experience these symptoms frequently or persistently, it's crucial to see a doctor to get them checked out.

Risk Factors:

Factors that may increase the risk of ovarian cancer include:

Age: The risk increases with age, with most cases occurring after menopause.
Family history: Having a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer (especially those associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations) increases the risk.
Genetic mutations: Mutations in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, and others can significantly increase the risk.
Personal history of cancer: Having had breast, uterine, or colon cancer may increase the risk.
Reproductive history: Women who have never been pregnant or who had their first pregnancy after age 35 may have a higher risk.
Hormone therapy after menopause: Long-term use of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk.
Smoking: Smoking can slightly increase the risk of some types of ovarian cancer.
Endometriosis: Having endometriosis may increase the risk of certain types of ovarian cancer.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosing ovarian cancer can be challenging. Doctors may use a combination of the following:

Pelvic exam: A physical examination of the reproductive organs.
Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to look for abnormalities in the ovaries and surrounding tissues.
Blood tests: To check for elevated levels of certain proteins, such as CA-125, which can be associated with ovarian cancer. However, CA-125 can be elevated in other conditions as well, so it is not a definitive test.
Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from the ovary or other suspicious area and examined under a microscope. This is the only way to definitively diagnose ovarian cancer. This usually requires surgery.

Treatment:

Treatment for ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of:

Surgery: To remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and nearby lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy: To kill cancer cells throughout the body.
Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread.
Hormone therapy: May be used for certain types of stromal tumors.
Radiation therapy: Less commonly used, but may be an option in certain cases.

Prevention:

There is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer, but some factors may reduce the risk:

Oral contraceptives: Long-term use of oral contraceptives has been linked to a decreased risk.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Having children and breastfeeding may lower the risk.
Risk-reducing surgery: For women with a very high risk (e.g., BRCA1/2 mutations), removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes (prophylactic oophorectomy) can significantly reduce the risk.

Prognosis:

The prognosis (outlook) for ovarian cancer depends on several factors, including:

Stage of the cancer: How far the cancer has spread. Early-stage cancer has a better prognosis.
Type of cancer: Some types are more aggressive than others.
Grade of the cancer: How abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope.
Overall health of the patient:

Early detection is crucial for improving the chances of successful treatment.

Important Note: This information is for general knowledge and informational purposes only, and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment. They can provide personalized advice based on your individual situation.