Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 481      ICD10: J13      ICD11: 1C41

Pneumococcal infection is a broad term that refers to any illness caused by the bacterium *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, also known as pneumococcus.
This bacterium is a common cause of various infections, ranging from mild to severe and even life-threatening.

Here's a breakdown of what you need to know about pneumococcal infections:

Common Types of Pneumococcal Infections:

Pneumonia: The most common pneumococcal infection. It's an infection of the lungs, causing inflammation and fluid build-up. Symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

Bacteremia: This is a bloodstream infection with *Streptococcus pneumoniae*. It can lead to sepsis, a dangerous and potentially fatal inflammatory response throughout the body.

Meningitis: Infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Pneumococcal meningitis is very serious and can cause brain damage, hearing loss, and even death. Symptoms include stiff neck, headache, fever, and confusion.

Otitis Media (Ear Infection): Pneumococcus is a common cause of ear infections, particularly in children. Symptoms include ear pain, fever, and fussiness.

Sinusitis: Infection of the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the skull). Symptoms include facial pain, congestion, and headache.

Who is at Risk?

Anyone can get a pneumococcal infection, but some people are at higher risk:

Children under 2 years old: Their immune systems are not fully developed.
Adults 65 years and older: Their immune systems become weaker with age.
People with certain medical conditions:
Chronic lung diseases (asthma, COPD)
Heart disease
Diabetes
Kidney disease
Liver disease
HIV/AIDS
Sickle cell disease
Asplenia (absence of the spleen) or spleen dysfunction
Cochlear implants
Cerebrospinal fluid leak
People who smoke: Smoking damages the lungs and weakens the immune system.
People who live in long-term care facilities: Close proximity increases the risk of transmission.

How is it Spread?

Pneumococcus is spread through:

Respiratory droplets: When an infected person coughs or sneezes, they release tiny droplets containing the bacteria. These droplets can be inhaled by others.
Close contact: Sharing utensils, kissing, or being in close proximity with an infected person can also spread the bacteria.

Symptoms:

Symptoms vary depending on the type of infection. Common symptoms include:

Fever
Cough
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Headache
Stiff neck
Ear pain
Fatigue
Confusion
Sensitivity to light

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis usually involves:

Physical exam: A doctor will listen to your lungs and check for other signs of infection.
Lab tests:
Blood test: To check for bacteremia.
Sputum culture: To identify the bacteria in lung secretions (for pneumonia).
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): To analyze cerebrospinal fluid (for meningitis).
Ear fluid sample: To test for bacteria (for otitis media).
Chest X-ray: To check for pneumonia.

Treatment:

Treatment typically involves antibiotics. The specific antibiotic used will depend on the type of infection and the antibiotic resistance patterns in the area. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, may also be necessary.

Prevention:

Vaccination is the best way to prevent pneumococcal infections. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines:

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, PCV15, PCV20): Recommended for children under 2 years old and for adults with certain medical conditions.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23): Recommended for adults 65 years and older and for some adults with certain medical conditions.

Other preventive measures include:

Good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
Avoid close contact with sick people:
Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze:
Quit smoking:

In summary, pneumococcal infection is a common and potentially serious illness caused by the *Streptococcus pneumoniae* bacteria. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect yourself and your family. If you have any concerns about pneumococcal infection or whether you should be vaccinated, talk to your doctor.