Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 443.0      ICD10: I73.00      ICD11: BD42

Raynaud's phenomenon, also known as Raynaud's syndrome or Raynaud's disease, is a condition that affects blood flow to the fingers and toes, and sometimes the ears and nose.
It is characterized by episodes of reduced blood flow, usually in response to cold or stress.

Here's a breakdown:

What Happens?

Blood Vessel Spasm: The small blood vessels in your fingers and toes (and sometimes other extremities) suddenly narrow or spasm. This significantly reduces blood flow to these areas.
Color Changes: This reduced blood flow causes characteristic color changes:
White: The affected area often turns white first due to the lack of blood.
Blue: As the oxygen is used up in the remaining blood, the area can turn bluish.
Red: As blood flow returns, the area may turn red and throb or tingle.
Numbness, Tingling, or Pain: These sensations are common during an episode. Some people experience throbbing or burning pain as blood flow returns.

Triggers:

Cold: Exposure to cold temperatures is the most common trigger. This can include cold weather, holding cold objects, or even being in an air-conditioned room.
Stress: Emotional stress can also trigger an episode.
Less Common Triggers: Vibration (e.g., from using power tools), certain medications, and underlying medical conditions.

Types of Raynaud's:

Primary Raynaud's (Raynaud's Disease): This is the most common form. It has no known underlying cause. It is often less severe than secondary Raynaud's. People with primary Raynaud's typically don't have any other associated medical problems.

Secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's Phenomenon): This is caused by an underlying medical condition. It tends to be more severe than primary Raynaud's and can lead to complications like skin ulcers or even tissue death in severe cases. Conditions associated with secondary Raynaud's include:
Connective Tissue Diseases: Scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome.
Artery Diseases: Atherosclerosis, Buerger's disease.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Pressure on the median nerve can sometimes be associated.
Certain Medications: Beta-blockers, decongestants, some migraine medications, and certain chemotherapy drugs.
Smoking: Nicotine constricts blood vessels.
Repetitive Actions/Vibrating Tools: Occupations that involve repetitive hand or wrist movements or the use of vibrating tools can increase the risk.

Symptoms:

Color changes in the fingers and toes (white, blue, then red)
Coldness or numbness in the affected areas
Throbbing or tingling pain upon warming
In severe cases, skin ulcers or tissue death (gangrene)

Diagnosis:

Physical Exam: A doctor will examine your hands and feet and ask about your symptoms and medical history.
Nailfold Capillaroscopy: This test examines the small blood vessels at the base of your fingernails under a microscope. Abnormalities can suggest secondary Raynaud's.
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test: A blood test to check for autoimmune diseases.
Other Blood Tests: May be done to rule out underlying medical conditions.
Cold Stimulation Test: Measuring digital artery blood pressure after cold exposure.

Treatment:

The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks and to prevent complications.

Lifestyle Changes:
Avoid Cold: Dress warmly in cold weather, including gloves, hats, and warm socks. Avoid direct contact with cold objects.
Manage Stress: Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing, yoga, or meditation.
Quit Smoking: Nicotine constricts blood vessels.
Avoid Certain Medications: Talk to your doctor about medications that may be contributing to Raynaud's.
Avoid Vibration: If possible, limit exposure to vibrating tools.
Medications:
Calcium Channel Blockers: These relax and widen blood vessels, improving blood flow. (e.g., nifedipine, amlodipine)
Alpha Blockers: These counteract the effects of norepinephrine, a hormone that constricts blood vessels. (e.g., prazosin)
Vasodilators: Other medications that widen blood vessels, such as topical nitroglycerin, may be used.
Prostaglandins: May be given intravenously in severe cases with ulcers.
Surgery: In rare cases, surgery to cut the nerves that control blood vessel constriction (sympathectomy) may be considered. Digital artery sympathectomy, for instance, can be performed in severe cases affecting the fingers.
Nerve Blocks: Injections to block nerves and improve blood flow.

When to See a Doctor:

If you experience the symptoms of Raynaud's, especially if they are severe or interfering with your daily life.
If you have skin ulcers or sores on your fingers or toes.
If you suspect you have secondary Raynaud's.

Important Considerations:

Early diagnosis and treatment of secondary Raynaud's is crucial to prevent complications from the underlying condition.
If you have Raynaud's, it's important to protect your hands and feet from injury and infection.

Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.