Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 186.9      ICD10: C62.10      ICD11: 2C80

Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the testicles, which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis.
The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction.

Here's a breakdown of important aspects:

Key Facts:

Relatively Rare: Testicular cancer is not very common, accounting for only about 1% of cancers in men.
Highly Treatable: It's one of the most curable cancers, even when it has spread beyond the testicle.
Age Group: It most often affects males between the ages of 15 and 45.
Early Detection is Key: Self-examination is crucial for early detection.

Types of Testicular Cancer:

Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs): These account for over 90% of testicular cancers. There are two main subtypes:
Seminomas: Tend to grow and spread more slowly.
Nonseminomas: A group of several types (embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma) that tend to grow and spread more quickly.
Stromal Tumors: These develop in the supportive and hormone-producing tissues of the testicles. They are less common. Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors fall into this category.

Risk Factors:

Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism): This is the most well-established risk factor.
Family History: Having a father or brother with testicular cancer increases the risk.
Personal History: If you've had testicular cancer in one testicle, you're at higher risk of developing it in the other.
Race: White men are more likely to develop testicular cancer than men of other races.
Age: Most common in men aged 15 to 45.
HIV infection
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the testicle
Infertility

Symptoms:

A lump or enlargement in either testicle: This is the most common symptom. It may or may not be painful.
A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.
A dull ache in the abdomen or groin.
Sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum.
Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum.
Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts (rare).
Back pain (if the cancer has spread).

Diagnosis:

Physical Exam: A doctor will examine the testicles and scrotum.
Ultrasound: This imaging test can help determine if a lump is solid or fluid-filled.
Blood Tests: Tumor markers (substances released by cancer cells) can be measured in the blood. Elevated levels of certain markers can suggest testicular cancer.
Inguinal Orchiectomy: If cancer is suspected, the entire testicle is surgically removed through an incision in the groin. A biopsy is *not* performed while the testicle is still in the scrotum, as this could spread the cancer. The removed testicle is then examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of cancer.
CT Scans: Used to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (staging).

Treatment:

Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and the patient's overall health.

Surgery (Orchiectomy): Removal of the affected testicle is the primary treatment.
Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Typically used for seminomas.
Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Often used for nonseminomas and advanced stages of seminomas.
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND): Surgical removal of lymph nodes in the abdomen. This may be necessary if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. There are nerve-sparing techniques to help maintain fertility.

Self-Examination:

Testicular self-exams are recommended monthly, especially for men at higher risk.
The best time is after a warm bath or shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.
Roll each testicle gently between the thumb and fingers.
Feel for any lumps, changes in size or shape, or any areas of hardness.
It's normal for one testicle to be slightly larger than the other, and it's also normal to feel the epididymis (a tube-like structure behind the testicle).
If you notice anything unusual, see a doctor promptly.

Important Considerations:

Fertility: Treatment for testicular cancer can sometimes affect fertility. Men may want to consider sperm banking before treatment.
Follow-up: Regular follow-up appointments are essential after treatment to monitor for recurrence.
Prognosis: The prognosis for testicular cancer is generally very good, especially when detected early.

Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and informational purposes only, and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.