Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 112.9      ICD10: B37.9      ICD11: 1F23

Yeast vaginitis, more commonly known as a yeast infection or candidiasis, is a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge, and intense itching of the vagina and the vulva — the tissues at the opening of the vagina.
It's a very common condition, affecting up to 75% of women at some point in their lives.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

What it is:

Fungal Infection: It's caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called *Candida*, most commonly *Candida albicans*. A small amount of Candida naturally lives in the vagina, along with bacteria.
Imbalance: The infection happens when the balance between Candida and bacteria in the vagina is disrupted, allowing Candida to overgrow.

Symptoms:

The most common symptoms include:

Itching: Intense itching in the vagina and vulva. This is often the most bothersome symptom.
Discharge: A thick, white, odorless discharge, often described as resembling cottage cheese. However, the discharge can sometimes be watery.
Redness and Swelling: Redness and swelling of the vulva.
Pain or Soreness: Pain or soreness in the vagina and vulva.
Painful Urination: A burning sensation, irritation, or pain when urinating.
Painful Intercourse: Pain during sexual intercourse.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Several factors can disrupt the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina, leading to a yeast infection:

Antibiotics: Antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria, which can allow Candida to overgrow. This is a very common cause.
Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can increase the risk.
Uncontrolled Diabetes: High blood sugar levels provide a better environment for Candida to thrive.
Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS or certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, chemotherapy) can weaken the immune system, making it harder to control Candida.
Hormonal Contraceptives: Some women are more susceptible while taking birth control pills or using hormonal IUDs.
Douching: Douching disrupts the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina. It is generally *not* recommended.
Scented Products: Using scented feminine hygiene products like pads, tampons, or soaps can irritate the vagina and disrupt the balance.
Tight-fitting clothing: Can increase moisture and warmth, creating a favorable environment for yeast growth.
Sexual Activity: While yeast infections are not technically considered STIs, sexual activity can sometimes trigger an infection. It is possible, although rare, for a male partner to develop balanitis (inflammation of the head of the penis) if his partner has a yeast infection.

Diagnosis:

A doctor can usually diagnose a yeast infection based on:

Medical History: Asking about your symptoms, past infections, and medications.
Pelvic Exam: A physical examination of the vagina and vulva.
Vaginal Discharge Sample: The doctor may take a sample of the vaginal discharge to examine under a microscope or send to a lab for testing to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other infections. This is particularly important if the infection is recurrent or doesn't respond to treatment.

Treatment:

Yeast infections are usually treated with antifungal medications. These medications are available in various forms:

Topical Creams and Ointments: These are applied directly to the vagina and vulva. Examples include miconazole (Monistat), clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin), and terconazole (Terazol). These are often available over-the-counter (OTC).
Oral Medication: A single-dose oral medication, fluconazole (Diflucan), is also available. This requires a prescription.

Important Considerations:

Self-Diagnosis: While many women self-diagnose yeast infections, it's important to see a doctor to confirm the diagnosis, especially if you've never had one before, if you're unsure of your symptoms, or if you have recurrent infections. Other conditions, like bacterial vaginosis or sexually transmitted infections, can have similar symptoms.
Recurrent Infections: Some women experience recurrent yeast infections (four or more infections in a year). If this happens, it's important to see a doctor to investigate potential underlying causes and discuss a long-term treatment plan. This may involve longer courses of antifungal medication.
Prevention:
Avoid douching.
Wear breathable cotton underwear.
Avoid tight-fitting pants or shorts.
Change out of wet swimsuits or workout clothes promptly.
Wipe from front to back after using the toilet.
Use unscented feminine hygiene products.
Eat a healthy diet with yogurt containing live cultures may help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria.
Pregnancy: If you think you have a yeast infection while pregnant, see a doctor. Certain medications are not safe to use during pregnancy.
Complications: Yeast infections are usually not serious, but if left untreated, they can cause discomfort and, in rare cases, more serious complications like a more widespread infection.

In summary: A yeast infection is a common and usually easily treatable fungal infection. If you think you have a yeast infection, see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Don't self-treat without confirmation, especially if you are pregnant or have other health conditions.